Diarrhea Treatment, Causes, Types, Symptoms, Medication And Facts

Diarrhea is an expression of an underlying disease process that must therefore be identified and treated. The anti-diarrheal can therefore be only a palliative measure until the agency itself or the doctor could remedy the root causes. It is often contraindicated immediately take something if it is infection, the intestine does well to get rid of germs.

Diarrhea disturbs the balance primarily water and electrolyte (water and salts) and in people with little body fat reserves in short supply energy also varies. As first aid is used, prior to administration of anti-diarrheal, the reintegration of liquids, salts and sugars: carbonated cola drinks (liquid, sugar and slightly astringent) and pretzels (sodium, a little ‘potassium) are effective and enjoy children. May be more effective still broths (animal or vegetable), and herbal tea (with honey as an alternative). There are also oral rehydration solutions containing electrolytes and glucose. In cases where the person shows signs of dehydration, you can resort to the use of electrolyte solutions intravenously.

Where there are nutritional deficits is well corrected by administering the factors which the body is deficient.

In case of diarrhea, acute bacterial infection by antibiotic therapy is controversial because they tend to be self-limited and diarrhea itself helps to reduce the microbial gut. Hopefully we can make use of probiotics. In some cases, however, the use of antibiotics can be taken in case of diarrhea persisting We consider that it was possible to identify the organism responsible. The use of antibiotics is necessary in immunocompromised individuals with cancer, people with orthopedic and vascular implants.

The use of anti-diarrheal (antimuscarinic and others) must be considered with great caution, as they do not act at the level of the disease process causal. In the case of infectious diarrhea, then, may lengthen the duration of the disease and cause complications that can also be set such as intestinal perforation, megacolon. May occasionally be used in cases of diverticular disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Are still products whose use is not recommended in children and the elderly.

It is to be considered, moreover, that the disease process stimulates the invasion of the intestinal lamina by white cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, etc. …), which produce factors capable of stimulating the activity of secretory crypts (histamine, nitric oxide, adenosine, serotonin, eicosanoids, and others).

The result of this is the development of a tissue with reduced absorptive and secretory capacity increased, leading to the development of diarrhea. If the inflammatory damage continues, may also form ulcers followed by formation of an exudate coming from the capillaries, containing protein and blood.

From the clinical point of view you can have fever, abdominal pain, loose stools mixed with mucus, blood and pus. Can develop phenomena of deficiency or malabsorption of nutrients.

Other conditions that can produce this type of diarrhea are, curiously, even those that lead to a bowel obstruction (fecal impaction, tumors), as it results in a stenotic hyperflow fluid around the area.

Even conditions that reduce bowel motility may lead to the onset of diarrhea as there is the possibility of increased presence of bacteria which can Deinflect bile acids, blocking the function of fat absorption. The result of this is the onset of diarrhea and steatorrhea.

It should be noted that various neurological alterations of the mechanisms of intestinal motility with the possibility of an outbreak of diarrhea.

In the world there are several alternative therapies, often based on drug profits to fight diarrhoea. The most popular are the following:

Cholestyramine
Cholestyramine is an anion exchange resin, hydrochloric acid, which binds bile acids in the intestine to form an insoluble complex excreted via faeces. It is used as a drug antiipercholesterolemic, because avoiding enterohepatic re absorption of bile acids allows the neo-synthesis of the same by the hepatocytes. It has net decrease of blood cholesterol (precursor of bile acids), LDL and lipoproteins and, as a secondary effect, constipation. Also has effects on the removal of bile duct obstruction.

Questran
It’s a pharmacotherapeutic one. It is indicated in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, with ipercoles terolemia associated with hypertriglyceridemia when the former is the greatest therapeutic problem in all cases that do not meet the only dietary treatment, in patients with partial obstruction and bile: for the relief of itching associated with clogging. It can be useful also to decrease cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Contraindications: no good for patients with complete obstruction of the respiratory, unable to clarify certain activities’ if the bile is not secreted intestine. It is also contraindicated in those subjects demonstrating not, or have shown above, hypersensitivity to someone from its components.

Sucralfate
Sucralfate is a viscous substance, insoluble in water, capable of neutralizing the action of pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme hydrolysis of proteins deputy, ulcerated area lacks a protective layer of gastric mucus and pepsin can thus also the wall of the stomach. Sucralfate is taken by mouth, now is distributed in the stomach by coating the walls and fully adheres firmly (for 6 hours) at the ulcer crater. To avoid interactions, medicines should be taken 2 hours before sucralfate; only significant side effect constipation, the presence of aluminium salts in the chemical structure of the drug.

Tea
The most natural remedy in the world is tea (generic, with no taste), with plenty of lemon juice, used to string! However, the natural flotation, if you have diarrhoea, you need to download everything and takes off alone. The only thing that I will strongly recommend, you take the milk enzymes, which help regulate the intestinal flora in some cases.

The greater burnet
The greater burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is a grass field that has flowers of a delicate lilac. Few people know that this plant is a good remedy for diarrhoea, menopause, bleeding, hemorrhoids, wounds and burns. What to do? Boil 30 grams of the aerial parts of Pimpinella in a quart of ‘water for 10 minutes and drink throughout the draft during the day in case you diarrhoea, 3 cups per day for the menopause.

If you suffer from Diarrhea, you need a physiological regulator of intestinal motility. There are several on the market, many of which have effective immediately

Loperamide
Loperamide, commercially available as hydrochloride, is a drug with strong anti-Diarrheal activities, especially in the case of a anti propulsive

Mechanism of action
Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist with high affinity for subclass, particularly those of the myenteric plexus. It has no activity on the central nervous system (CNS) as it is expelled from a system of selection molecular protein (P-glycoprotein, P-gp), which prevents certain molecules that even crossing the blood-brain barrier to come into contact with central neurons. Concomitant use of drugs that inhibit P-glycoprotein has led to the appearance of side effects typical opioid intoxication such as respiratory depression.

Effects
The binding of loperamide to receptors myenteric muscle causes decreased activity in this district, this slows the intestinal transit allowing increased water absorption by decreasing the frequency of discharge and increased stool consistency. The Loperamide also decreases the movements of the colon eliminating the gastrocolic reflex.

Bismuth subsalicylate
The bismuth subsalicylate, whose chemical formula corresponding C7H5BiO4, is a drug derived from bismuth used to treat nausea, gastritis, indigestion, stomach pain, Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal temporary inconvenience. It is the active ingredient in the popular medications such as Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate modern. As the salt of a salicylic acid, the bismuth subsalicylate is proving an excellent anti-inflammatory and antacid. Its ingestion may cause blackening of the tongue due to the colour of this product, when combined with sulphur in saliva. The fade-and independent and safe, and takes place within a few days. Children should not be medicated with bismuth subsalicylate when infected with flu or varicella, because the use of this product in individuals of a certain age can make you break out of Reye’s syndrome.

In the newborn, Diarrhea and constipation are two sides of same coin: the difficulty in adapting his intestine to food. The intestine of a child so small and very sensitive and reacts to stimuli with Diarrhea many and varied; the excessive amount of food, a food introduced too quickly a food intolerance, an intestinal infection. Whatever the cause, the first things to do are always the same: back with the type of feeding, weaning if you were to stop, stop for a day the milk, unless it’s milk, and give plenty of water or camomile. The aim is to rehydrate and nourish the baby not to stop the Diarrhea

Simple rules:
1) After two days. that the baby does not poop, boosted by the tip of the thermometer dipped in oil and introduced to two cm. anus. If you do not get results, make a clyster.
2) If the situation tends to persistent give liquids sweetened with maltodextrin (Nidex) or add them to the formula. If results are not obtained, replace the maltodextrins with lactulose (Portolac bags Laevolac infants or syrup)
3) When possible, speak on the diet by introducing foods that promote the evacuation (gluten, pear and plum, green leafy vegetables) and remove those who “string” (carrots, potatoes, apple, banana, rice, parmesan cheese).
4) In case of frequent evacuations of loose stools, smelly and with abnormal colour, stop feeding for a day, replacing it with normal rehydration fluids by adding one – two teaspoons of cream of rice.
5) If you have vomiting and / or fever alert the paediatrician!

Acute and chronic Diarrhea may be due to infectious causes and not infectious one. Viral, bacterial and some parasitic infections are associated with Diarrhea that lasted for several days to several weeks, although they may persist longer in patients with a compromised immune system, causing a state of chronic Diarrhea (e.g. In patients with AIDS , cancer or organ transplants). In these infections, micro-organisms, viruses, bacteria or parasites contained in the faeces, are transmitted between individuals upon contact with surfaces contaminated with feces themselves. Eating food or drinking infected water are the most frequent mode of transmission of such infections.

The people most at risk of contracting gastroenteritis are those who go to countries in the developing world. Ice cubes infected, a mixed salad or fresh food bought from a street vendor can cause gastroenteritis. Once contracted the infection can be transmitted quickly, if not, there are some basic hygiene such as proper hand washing. These rules of hygiene are particularly important in environments where there are small children. In some cases the infection can be traced back to a particular food eaten during a picnic or a restaurant, or in other cases to a water source contaminated.

Common causes of acute Diarrhea:

Parasites: The parasites are more common in the United States are Giardia lamblia (Giardia), Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), and Cryptosporidium parvum (crypto). These single-cell parasites are found in mountain streams and lakes around the world, and can infected pools, hot water pipes and occasionally ponds for the collection of water. Other multicellular parasites such as tapeworms or roundworms may occasionally cause infections.

In other countries of the world, especially those in developing countries, there are more species of pathogenic bacteria and parasites compared to developed countries: e.g. between the parasites may include the platodi, the hookworms and roundworms. Tourists visiting in poor countries can contract the infection by eating or drinking something contaminated with the eggs of parasites, and in some cases through direct penetration of parasites through the skin.

Viruses: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe Diarrhea in children. Other viruses responsible for gastroenteritis are: Norwalk, Norovirus, Adenovirus, Calcivirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and HIV. American Center for Disease Control (CDC Centers for Disease Control) reports that the United States reached an estimated 23 million cases year of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk viruses (and Norwalk-like viruses) in the last two years have been responsible for outbreaks of gastroenteritis on cruise ships, which shot to hit the headlines. The same virus can cause infections in nursing homes, schools, barracks, and wherever there are meeting places between people.

Bacteria

* Salmonella is often found in fresh eggs, raw poultry and small reptiles.
* Shigella, contained in food and water contaminated by infected feces.
* Campylobacter is found in raw or undercooked poultry.
* Escherichia Coli 0157: H7 (E. coli), often contained in raw or undercooked meat. It can cause Diarrhea containing blood and cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (with intravascular hemolysis and renal failure).
* Clostridium difficile causes secondary infections taking antibiotics.
* Among the others are reminiscent of the Staphylococcus aureus and some species of Yersinia and Vibrio.

Acute Diarrhea can be caused by drug treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, or may be a side effect of taking other medications. Antibiotics can cause an imbalance of bacterial flora naturally present in the gut, digestive functions in part and partially protected against bacteria ‘bad’ or pathogens (which cause infections). When the physiological bacterial flora is reduced by the action