Diarrhea Treatment, Causes, Types, Symptoms, Medication And Facts

If you suffer from Diarrhea, you need a physiological regulator of intestinal motility. There are several on the market, many of which have effective immediately

Loperamide
Loperamide, commercially available as hydrochloride, is a drug with strong anti-Diarrheal activities, especially in the case of a anti propulsive

Mechanism of action
Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist with high affinity for subclass, particularly those of the myenteric plexus. It has no activity on the central nervous system (CNS) as it is expelled from a system of selection molecular protein (P-glycoprotein, P-gp), which prevents certain molecules that even crossing the blood-brain barrier to come into contact with central neurons. Concomitant use of drugs that inhibit P-glycoprotein has led to the appearance of side effects typical opioid intoxication such as respiratory depression.

Effects
The binding of loperamide to receptors myenteric muscle causes decreased activity in this district, this slows the intestinal transit allowing increased water absorption by decreasing the frequency of discharge and increased stool consistency. The Loperamide also decreases the movements of the colon eliminating the gastrocolic reflex.

Bismuth subsalicylate
The bismuth subsalicylate, whose chemical formula corresponding C7H5BiO4, is a drug derived from bismuth used to treat nausea, gastritis, indigestion, stomach pain, Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal temporary inconvenience. It is the active ingredient in the popular medications such as Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate modern. As the salt of a salicylic acid, the bismuth subsalicylate is proving an excellent anti-inflammatory and antacid. Its ingestion may cause blackening of the tongue due to the colour of this product, when combined with sulphur in saliva. The fade-and independent and safe, and takes place within a few days. Children should not be medicated with bismuth subsalicylate when infected with flu or varicella, because the use of this product in individuals of a certain age can make you break out of Reye’s syndrome.

In the newborn, Diarrhea and constipation are two sides of same coin: the difficulty in adapting his intestine to food. The intestine of a child so small and very sensitive and reacts to stimuli with Diarrhea many and varied; the excessive amount of food, a food introduced too quickly a food intolerance, an intestinal infection. Whatever the cause, the first things to do are always the same: back with the type of feeding, weaning if you were to stop, stop for a day the milk, unless it’s milk, and give plenty of water or camomile. The aim is to rehydrate and nourish the baby not to stop the Diarrhea

Simple rules:
1) After two days. that the baby does not poop, boosted by the tip of the thermometer dipped in oil and introduced to two cm. anus. If you do not get results, make a clyster.
2) If the situation tends to persistent give liquids sweetened with maltodextrin (Nidex) or add them to the formula. If results are not obtained, replace the maltodextrins with lactulose (Portolac bags Laevolac infants or syrup)
3) When possible, speak on the diet by introducing foods that promote the evacuation (gluten, pear and plum, green leafy vegetables) and remove those who “string” (carrots, potatoes, apple, banana, rice, parmesan cheese).
4) In case of frequent evacuations of loose stools, smelly and with abnormal colour, stop feeding for a day, replacing it with normal rehydration fluids by adding one – two teaspoons of cream of rice.
5) If you have vomiting and / or fever alert the paediatrician!

Gastrointestinal diseases are among the most common causes of Diarrhea: acute or chronic enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine); ulcerative colitis (inflammation of the colon associated with ulcerative lesions); diverticulitis (inflammation of the diverticulitis, or areas of the colon wall that protrudes forming ‘pockets’); irritable bowel syndrome (excessive reactivity of the colon, unrelated to specific diseases). Among the reasons we find the consequences of intestinal disorders that are often a result of surgical procedures (such as the removal of sections of intestine).

In some cases, is the consequence of disease ‘extra intestinal’, such as hyperthyroidism, certain liver diseases and certain endocrine tumors. Very often, it is caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic. Diarrhea may be either iatrogenic, i.e. caused by a massive use of drugs, such as broad-spectrum antibiotics, antacids and some magnesium-based laxatives. Even particular states of emotional distress may be counted among the causes. Sometimes it is the result of some food intolerances such as celiac disease (i.e. intolerance to gluten, a protein found in cereals). A special case is the traveller’s Diarrhea, which can affect people who travel to countries where sanitary conditions, but especially food, are particularly bad (some countries in the Middle and Far East, for example, or African, or Central America).

A test to recognize the causes of Diarrhea
News. The University of Bristol, England, has developed a simple and rapid test to detect the organisms responsible for Diarrhea, which kills millions each year in developing countries and affects more than 15,000 people England. In common parlance the term Diarrhea often show different symptoms. Diarrhea is considered acute if it lasts only a few days, while you define chronic if it lasts for more than a month. The clinical significance of this disorder can be very variable. In principle, a less threatening acute Diarrhea is a chronic, although there are exceptions to this statement. In the milder forms the Diarrhea is just an annoying problem, but the most serious quality of life can be very impaired and in such case the cause must be sought carefully.

A person usually complains of Diarrhea when intestinal discharge from a day (if this was his habit) become more than one or even when the stool consistency usually normal, become soft or completely liquid, or when coexisting both of these events. Especially if the Diarrhea is important, the stool can be commingled with mucus, dense material, gelatinous, Gray-yellowish (reminiscent of those suffering from nasal catarrh, colds non-allergic). If blood is also present for someone would be more correct to speak of dysentery, but often the two terms Diarrhea and dysentery in common language are used interchangeably.

Test. The importance of the test is primarily related to the speed with which the bacterium or virus is found responsible for the intestinal disorder. In particular, the test identifies the chemical characteristics of faeces, distinguishing the biological cause. It happened that some British hospitals have had to close for the spread of viruses that have infected the patients, the test in this direction could be a valuable preventive measure in the hospital setting. In the future, then, could be used in appropriate facilities in developing countries to limit the enormous damage that the disorder causes, including death from dehydration.

Traveller’s diarrhea is a very common event: approximately 20-50% of travellers show a warmer countries of diarrhea, usually short (less than 48-72 hours) and severe limitations. The disease is defined as 3 / 4 evacuations of loose stools within 24 hours with> 1 symptom of enteric illness (nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, tenesmus, stool blood). Risk factors include the country of origin (those who are more likely to come from industrialized countries), the destination, individual susceptibility, exposure to contaminated food or water. The causes are multiple: bacteria, viruses, parasites, but sometimes the stress of travel, the exchange of food, the climate, the altitude can trigger diarrhea It’s a syndrome characterized by diarrhea of variable intensity (from a few downloads at Watery diarrhea, often with blood and mucus), which may be associated with abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, malaise, and sometimes fever. Symptoms typically occur in the early days (2 weeks) from the arrival area at risk, but can occur at any time of the trip and sometimes recur during the same stay. The evolution is favourable, the untreated cases heal in 1-5 days but sometimes the disease may have a more prolonged course and lasted up to 10 days. Among the micro-organisms responsible enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is by far the most common pathogen.

Prevention
Is not available at present, a vaccine. The main measure to reduce the risk of contracting has scrupulously follow suggestions and to purify water. Pharmacological prophylaxis (chemoprophylaxis) is indicated only in certain circumstances and must be evaluated carefully and individually by the physician. Chemoprophylaxis may be used in medicines

Antibiotics
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) for which protection is demonstrated by 90%, not used below 18 years;
Rifaximin as effective;
doxycycline, against whom, however, has reported an increase in resistance from the germs responsible for the disease.

Bismuth salicylate: confer protection by 65%, but has a complicated dosing schedule and side effects annoying is therefore characterized by poor adhesion.
Macrobiotics: a limited protection is demonstrated for Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii with dose-dependent. Drugs are manageable, with no side effects and drug interactions, indicated in pregnancy and children, inexpensive.
The study of a vaccine with heat-inactivated Enterobacteriaceae has not demonstrated efficacy.
The use of antibiotic prophylaxis (ciprofloxacin, Rifaximin) is considered only for short periods and in specific cases.

Individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease), HIV / AIDS, cancer, immuno suppression from any cause, immunological and haematological disorders. Individuals who face especially important during the trip (business meetings, sports competitions). In all other cases we do not consider appropriate the use of antibiotic prophylaxis because the risk of possible side effects, especially when the drugs are taken for long periods of time outweigh the potential benefits. Any prescription for antibiotic prophylaxis should always be discussed with the GP or the Medical Centre for Travel Medicine.

Treatment
The most important therapeutic measures to be implemented in diarrhea is the restoration of water losses by drinking fluids and electrolytes as indicated below (see oral rehydration). Dehydration can be especially serious in children: some evidence can guide the assessment. Ensure that children can stay in a cool, ventilated, the slightest doubt that even mild dehydration, immediately brought the child to a clinic equipped.

Acute and chronic Diarrhea may be due to infectious causes and not infectious one. Viral, bacterial and some parasitic infections are associated with Diarrhea that lasted for several days to several weeks, although they may persist longer in patients with a compromised immune system, causing a state of chronic Diarrhea (e.g. In patients with AIDS , cancer or organ transplants). In these infections, micro-organisms, viruses, bacteria or parasites contained in the faeces, are transmitted between individuals upon contact with surfaces contaminated with feces themselves. Eating food or drinking infected water are the most frequent mode of transmission of such infections.

The people most at risk of contracting gastroenteritis are those who go to countries in the developing world. Ice cubes infected, a mixed salad or fresh food bought from a street vendor can cause gastroenteritis. Once contracted the infection can be transmitted quickly, if not, there are some basic hygiene such as proper hand washing. These rules of hygiene are particularly important in environments where there are small children. In some cases the infection can be traced back to a particular food eaten during a picnic or a restaurant, or in other cases to a water source contaminated.

Common causes of acute Diarrhea:

Parasites: The parasites are more common in the United States are Giardia lamblia (Giardia), Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), and Cryptosporidium parvum (crypto). These single-cell parasites are found in mountain streams and lakes around the world, and can infected pools, hot water pipes and occasionally ponds for the collection of water. Other multicellular parasites such as tapeworms or roundworms may occasionally cause infections.

In other countries of the world, especially those in developing countries, there are more species of pathogenic bacteria and parasites compared to developed countries: e.g. between the parasites may include the platodi, the hookworms and roundworms. Tourists visiting in poor countries can contract the infection by eating or drinking something contaminated with the eggs of parasites, and in some cases through direct penetration of parasites through the skin.

Viruses: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe Diarrhea in children. Other viruses responsible for gastroenteritis are: Norwalk, Norovirus, Adenovirus, Calcivirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and HIV. American Center for Disease Control (CDC Centers for Disease Control) reports that the United States reached an estimated 23 million cases year of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk viruses (and Norwalk-like viruses) in the last two years have been responsible for outbreaks of gastroenteritis on cruise ships, which shot to hit the headlines. The same virus can cause infections in nursing homes, schools, barracks, and wherever there are meeting places between people.

Bacteria

* Salmonella is often found in fresh eggs, raw poultry and small reptiles.
* Shigella, contained in food and water contaminated by infected feces.
* Campylobacter is found in raw or undercooked poultry.
* Escherichia Coli 0157: H7 (E. coli), often contained in raw or undercooked meat. It can cause Diarrhea containing blood and cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (with intravascular hemolysis and renal failure).
* Clostridium difficile causes secondary infections taking antibiotics.
* Among the others are reminiscent of the Staphylococcus aureus and some species of Yersinia and Vibrio.

Acute Diarrhea can be caused by drug treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, or may be a side effect of taking other medications. Antibiotics can cause an imbalance of bacterial flora naturally present in the gut, digestive functions in part and partially protected against bacteria ‘bad’ or pathogens (which cause infections). When the physiological bacterial flora is reduced by the action